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ROS and inflammation are main mediators of vascular senescence

In contrast, the buildup of lipid ROS and the consequent onset of ferroptosis can be hindered through intervention with iron-chelating agents (e.g., deferoxamine) and lipophilic antioxidants (e.g., ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1) [77]

Oxidative stress activates a positive feedback between the gamma- and beta-secretase cleavages of the beta-amyloid precursor protein

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Similarly, the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) [47] and the Study of Heart and Kidney Protection with Empagliflozin (EMPA-KIDNEY) [48] trials expanded inclusion beyond diabetes mellitus, showing that dapagliflozin and empagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of kidney outcomes, with consistent benefits across a wide range of eGFR and albuminuria

Weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity reduce hyperinsulinemia and increase SHBG, thereby lowering free androgen exposure and decreasing ovarian and adrenal androgen production